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Space Junk: A Growing Threat to Our Satellites and Space Missions


Space junk, also known as orbital debris, is any human-made object that orbits the Earth but has no useful function. It includes defunct satellites, rocket stages, fragments from collisions and explosions, and even paint flakes and dust. According to the European Space Agency (ESA), there are more than 34,000 objects larger than 10 cm, about 900,000 objects between 1 and 10 cm, and more than 128 million objects smaller than 1 cm in orbit around the Earth. These numbers are expected to increase as more satellites are launched and more collisions occur.

Why is space junk a problem?


Space junk poses a serious threat to our satellites and space missions for several reasons. First, space junk can damage or destroy operational satellites that provide vital services such as communication, navigation, weather forecasting, and Earth observation. A collision with a small piece of space junk can create a dent or a hole in a satellite, affecting its performance or rendering it useless. A collision with a large piece of space junk can cause a catastrophic breakup of the satellite, creating more debris and increasing the risk of further collisions.

Second, space junk can endanger the lives of astronauts and cosmonauts who conduct spacewalks or travel to and from the International Space Station (ISS). Space junk can puncture the spacesuits or the spacecraft of the crew members, causing injuries or fatalities. The ISS has to perform regular maneuvers to avoid collisions with space junk, which consume fuel and time and disrupt the scientific activities on board.

Third, space junk can limit our access to space and hamper our exploration of the solar system. Space junk can create a barrier of debris around the Earth that makes it difficult or impossible to launch new satellites or spacecraft. This could affect our ability to monitor the Earth's environment, respond to natural disasters, communicate with remote areas, and conduct scientific research. It could also prevent us from sending probes and rovers to other planets and moons, or even sending humans to Mars.

How can we solve the space junk problem?



The space junk problem is complex and challenging, but not unsolvable. There are two main approaches to deal with it: prevention and removal. Prevention means avoiding creating more space junk in the first place by designing satellites that have a limited lifespan and can deorbit themselves at the end of their mission, by minimizing the use of explosive devices that can fragment satellites or rockets, by following international guidelines and best practices for safe and sustainable space operations, and by enhancing the tracking and monitoring of space objects to avoid collisions.

Removal means actively removing existing space junk from orbit by capturing it with nets, harpoons, magnets, lasers, or other methods, and either bringing it back to Earth or sending it to an orbital graveyard where it won't interfere with other satellites. Several projects and experiments are underway to test the feasibility and effectiveness of these methods, such as ESA's ClearSpace-1 mission that aims to remove a defunct rocket part from orbit in 2025.

Space junk is a growing problem that threatens our satellites and space missions. It is our responsibility to protect the space environment for ourselves and future generations. By preventing more space junk from being created and removing some of the existing space junk from orbit, we can ensure that we can continue to benefit from the wonders of space.

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